Binary numbers and digital data explained
How binary numbers work: count and convert in binary, understand bits, bytes and hexadecimal, and see how text, images and sound become bits and signa...
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Tech explained
How the internet works: protocols, networks and the basics every website owner benefits from knowing.
How HTTP works: from HTTP/1.1 to HTTP/3
How HTTP works: requests, status codes and headers, and what HTTP/1.1, HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 with QUIC each changed. With the history from 1991 to today.
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How TCP/IP works: IP, TCP and UDP explained
How TCP/IP works: how IP finds its way, how TCP ensures delivery, when UDP is better, and what happens when you open a website.
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The history and future of network protocols
The history of network protocols: from packet switching and ARPANET through TCP/IP, DNS and the web to standardization in the IETF and the protocols a...
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Network protocols: how computers talk to each other
What are network protocols? How layers and encapsulation work, connections, network architecture, how protocols depend on each other, and error handli...
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IP addresses and subnetting explained
How IP addresses work: IPv4, subnet masks and CIDR with a worked example, private addresses and NAT, IPv6, and how IP fits together with MAC addresses...
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